Background/Radiobiology - Revision history

DanWalker: /* References */ Added some web links and DOI permalinks

2017-07-11T17:01:47Z

References: Added some web links and DOI permalinks

DanWalker: /* Chronic and Acute Effects */ Formatted tables 4 and 5

2017-07-10T12:51:37Z

Chronic and Acute Effects: Formatted tables 4 and 5

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:51, 10 July 2017
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	== Chronic and Acute Effects ==		== Chronic and Acute Effects ==

	Biological effects may be acute or chronic. Chronic effects arise following multiple low-dose radiation exposure events, primarily in slowly proliferating cells. The effects can be stochastic or deterministic and may manifest genetically (in future generations) or somatically (e.g: teratogenesis, reduced life expectancy); examples of deterministic effects along with their associated threshold-doses are given in Table 4. Stochastic effects include germ-cell mutations, and cancer: the likelihood of developing leukaemia or a solid cancer per 100 mSv is 1% [20].		Biological effects may be acute or chronic. Chronic effects arise following multiple low-dose radiation exposure events, primarily in slowly proliferating cells. The effects can be stochastic or deterministic and may manifest genetically (in future generations) or somatically (e.g: teratogenesis, reduced life expectancy); examples of deterministic effects along with their associated threshold-doses are given in Table 4. Stochastic effects include germ-cell mutations, and cancer: the likelihood of developing leukaemia or a solid cancer per 100 mSv is 1% [20].
	Biological effect Chronic exposure Total accumulated exposure threshold		{\| class = "wikitable" style = "max-width: 700px;"
	Permanent sterility 2-5 rad/week 250-300 rad		\|-
	Cataract ¬--------- 400 rad (over 2 months)		!Biological effect
	Radiation dermatitis 1-2 rad/day 2000 rad		!Chronic exposure
	Table 4 – Deterministic effects following a chronic exposure to radiation. For the effects to manifest, the accumulated dose over time must be, at least, equal to the threshold value given in the far-right column		!Total accumulated exposure threshold
			\|-
			\|Permanent sterility
			\|2-5 rad/week
			\|250-300 rad
			\|-
			\|Cataract
			\| --------
			\|400 rad (over 2 months)
			\|-
			\|Radiation dermatitis
			\|1-2 rad/day
			\|2000 rad
			\|-
			!colspan="3"\|Table 4 – Deterministic effects following a chronic exposure to radiation. For the effects to manifest, the accumulated dose over time must be, at least, equal to the threshold value given in the far-right column
			\|}

	Data is obtained from: [1]		Data is obtained from: [1]
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	Chronic exposures, per unit of radiation, are less biologically significant than acute exposures as the body is capable of repairing any damage incurred between exposure events [22].		Chronic exposures, per unit of radiation, are less biologically significant than acute exposures as the body is capable of repairing any damage incurred between exposure events [22].

	Biological effect Acute threshold radiation dose		{\| class = "wikitable"
	Generalised erythema (skin reddening) 200-600 rad		\|-
	Temporary hair loss 300-600 rad		!Biological effect
	Temporary sterility 50 rad		!Acute threshold radiation dose
	Permanent sterility 200-1000 rad (this effect is age dependent)		\|-
	Cataract formation 200-700 rad		\|Generalised erythema (skin reddening)
	Vomiting 2 hours post-exposure 100-400 rad		\|200-600 rad
	Diarrhoea 1 hour post-exposure 600-800 rad		\|-
	Headache 4 hours post-exposure 600-800 rad		\|Temporary hair loss
	Fever 1 hour post-exposure 400-600 rad		\|300-600 rad
	Table 5 – The threshold acute radiation doses for a variety of biological effects.		\|-
	The biological effects highlighted in blue arise during the prodromal stage of ARS following an acute radiation threshold dose given in the right-hand column		\|Temporary sterility
			\|50 rad
			\|-
			\|Permanent sterility
			\|200-1000 rad (this effect is age dependent)
			\|-
			\|Cataract formation
			\|200-700 rad
			\|-
			\|style = "color: #549bf2;"\| '''Vomiting 2 hours post-exposure'''
			\|style = "color: #549bf2;"\|'''100-400 rad'''
			\|-
			\|style = "color: #549bf2;"\|'''Diarrhoea 1 hour post-exposure'''
			\|style = "color: #549bf2;"\|'''600-800 rad'''
			\|-
			\|style = "color: #549bf2;"\|'''Headache 4 hours post-exposure'''
			\|style = "color: #549bf2;"\|'''600-800 rad'''
			\|-
			\|style = "color: #549bf2;"\|'''Fever 1 hour post-exposure'''
			\|style = "color: #549bf2;"\|'''400-600 rad'''
			\|-
			!colspan="2"\|Table 5 – The threshold acute radiation doses for a variety of biological effects.
			The biological effects highlighted in blue arise during the prodromal stage of ARS following an acute radiation threshold dose given in the right-hand column.
			\|}

	Data is obtained from: [1]		Data is obtained from: [1]

DanWalker: /* Biological Range */ Table 3 size and position adjusted

2017-07-10T12:20:06Z

Biological Range: Table 3 size and position adjusted

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:20, 10 July 2017
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	== Biological Range ==		== Biological Range ==
	{\| class = "wikitable"
			Different types of radiation have different ranges in tissue (Table 3). Short-range radiation is used therapeutically to target localised lesions as it transfers its’ energy to surrounding cells more effectively than long-range radiation. Long-range radiation is used in medical imaging. Short-range radiation is more biologically potent.

			{\| class = "wikitable" style="max-width: 500px; margin-left: 1em;"
	\|-		\|-
	!Radiation type		!Radiation type
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	\|-		\|-
	!colspan="2"\| Table 3 - Range of radiation in tissue. Radiation with a large mass, high charge and/or low energy have the shortest range.		!colspan="2"\| Table 3 - Range of radiation in tissue. Radiation with a large mass, high charge and/or low energy have the shortest range.
	\|}		\|}

	Different types of radiation have different ranges in tissue (Table 3). Short-range radiation is used therapeutically to target localised lesions as it transfers its’ energy to surrounding cells more effectively than long-range radiation. Long-range radiation is used in medical imaging. Short-range radiation is more biologically potent.

	== Direct and Indirect Biological Effects ==		== Direct and Indirect Biological Effects ==

DanWalker: /* Biological Range */ Added table 3

2017-07-10T12:16:40Z

Biological Range: Added table 3

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:16, 10 July 2017
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	== Biological Range ==		== Biological Range ==
			{\| class = "wikitable"
	Radiation type Range in tissue		\|-
	Auger electrons 0.02-10 μm [12]		!Radiation type
	Alpha 10-100 μm [13]		!Range in tissue
	Beta few mm-few cm [14]		\|-
	Gamma Many cm [14]		\|Auger electrons
	X-ray		\|0.02-10 μm [12]
	Neutron		\|-
	Table 3 - Range of radiation in tissue		\|Alpha
	Radiation with a large mass, high charge and/or low energy have the shortest range.		\|10-100 μm [13]
	Different types of radiation have different ranges in tissue (Table 3). Short-range radiation is used therapeutically to target localised lesions as it transfers its’ energy to surrounding cells more effectively than long-range radiation. Long-range radiation is used in medical imaging. Short-range radiation is more biologically potent.		\|-
			\|Beta
			\|few mm-few cm [14]
			\|-
			\|Gamma
			\|rowspan="3"\|Many cm [14]
			\|-
			\|X-ray
			\|-
			\|Neutron
			\|-
			!colspan="2"\| Table 3 - Range of radiation in tissue. Radiation with a large mass, high charge and/or low energy have the shortest range.
			\|}

			Different types of radiation have different ranges in tissue (Table 3). Short-range radiation is used therapeutically to target localised lesions as it transfers its’ energy to surrounding cells more effectively than long-range radiation. Long-range radiation is used in medical imaging. Short-range radiation is more biologically potent.

	== Direct and Indirect Biological Effects ==		== Direct and Indirect Biological Effects ==

JordanSilverman: /* Radiation Units */

2017-07-10T12:15:57Z

Radiation Units

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:15, 10 July 2017
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	\|}		\|}

	The '''radiation-absorbed dose''' is the total energy absorbed by tissue. It is given in '''rad''' or '''Gray (Gy)''', 0.01 Gy = 1 rad. The '''equivalent dose''' is the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor, '''WR''' and is given in roentgen-Equivalent-Man (rem) or Sievert (Sv), 0.01 Sv = 1 rem. The '''effective''' dose, '''E''' (Eq-1) is the sum of the tissue-weighted equivalent dose, '''W<sub>T</sub>''' multiplied by the equivalent dose, '''H<sub>T</sub>''' for all tissue types, '''T'''. It arises because the same equivalent dose of radiation has different biological effects on different tissues [1].		The '''radiation-absorbed dose''' is the total energy absorbed by tissue. It is given in '''rad''' or '''Gray (Gy)''', 0.01 Gy = 1 rad. The '''equivalent dose''' is the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor, '''WR''' and is given in roentgen-Equivalent-Man (rem) or Sievert (Sv), 0.01 Sv = 1 rem. The '''effective''' dose, '''E''' (Eq-2) is the sum of the tissue-weighted equivalent dose, '''W<sub>T</sub>''' multiplied by the equivalent dose, '''H<sub>T</sub>''' for all tissue types, '''T'''. It arises because the same equivalent dose of radiation has different biological effects on different tissues [1].

	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	{\| style = "width:80%"		{\| style = "width:30%"
	\|'''E''' = '''∑<sub>T</sub>''' ( '''H<sub>T</sub>''' × '''W<sub>T</sub>''' )		\|'''E''' = '''∑<sub>T</sub>''' ( '''H<sub>T</sub>''' × '''W<sub>T</sub>''' )
	\|style="width:80%; text-align:right;" \| (1)		\|style="width:30%; text-align:right;" \| (2)
	\|}		\|}
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

JordanSilverman: /* Terminology in nuclear medicine */

2017-07-10T12:15:27Z

Terminology in nuclear medicine

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:15, 10 July 2017
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	'''Relative biological effectiveness''' ('''RBE''') is the ratio of the dose of radiation of type x, '''R<sub>x</sub>''' required to produce the same biological effect as a reference dose '''R<sub>R</sub>''' which is normally a high-energy x-ray beam (250 kV<sub>p</sub>) or a gamma-ray from Cobalt-60;		'''Relative biological effectiveness''' ('''RBE''') is the ratio of the dose of radiation of type x, '''R<sub>x</sub>''' required to produce the same biological effect as a reference dose '''R<sub>R</sub>''' which is normally a high-energy x-ray beam (250 kV<sub>p</sub>) or a gamma-ray from Cobalt-60;

	<blockquote> '''RBE''' = '''<sup>R<sub>x</sub></sup>''' &frasl; '''<sub>R<sub>R</sub></sub>''' for a given effect </blockquote>		<blockquote>
			{\| style = "width:30%;"
			\|'''RBE''' = '''<sup>R<sub>x</sub></sup>''' &frasl; '''<sub>R<sub>R</sub></sub>'''
			\| style = "text-align:left;"\| for a given effect
			\| style = "width:30%; text-align:right;"\| (1)
			\|}
			</blockquote>

	'''RBE''' increases with '''LET''' until a critical point of ≈100 keV/μm. The overkill region arises because the increasing dose has no further biological effect [1].		'''RBE''' increases with '''LET''' until a critical point of ≈100 keV/μm. The overkill region arises because the increasing dose has no further biological effect [1].

JordanSilverman: /* Radiation Units */

2017-07-10T12:10:56Z

Radiation Units

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:10, 10 July 2017
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	\|}		\|}

	The '''radiation-absorbed dose''' is the total energy absorbed by tissue. It is given in '''rad''' or '''Gray (Gy)''', 0.01 Gy = 1 rad. The '''equivalent dose''' is the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor, '''WR''' and is given in roentgen-Equivalent-Man (rem) or Sievert (Sv), 0.01 Sv = 1 rem. The '''effective''' dose, E (Eq-1) is the sum of the tissue-weighted equivalent dose, '''W<sub>T</sub>''' multiplied by the equivalent dose, '''H<sub>T</sub>''' for all tissue types, '''T'''. It arises because the same equivalent dose of radiation has different biological effects on different tissues [1].		The '''radiation-absorbed dose''' is the total energy absorbed by tissue. It is given in '''rad''' or '''Gray (Gy)''', 0.01 Gy = 1 rad. The '''equivalent dose''' is the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor, '''WR''' and is given in roentgen-Equivalent-Man (rem) or Sievert (Sv), 0.01 Sv = 1 rem. The '''effective''' dose, '''E''' (Eq-1) is the sum of the tissue-weighted equivalent dose, '''W<sub>T</sub>''' multiplied by the equivalent dose, '''H<sub>T</sub>''' for all tissue types, '''T'''. It arises because the same equivalent dose of radiation has different biological effects on different tissues [1].

	<blockquote>		<blockquote>

JordanSilverman: /* Radiation Units */

2017-07-10T11:55:53Z

Radiation Units

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:55, 10 July 2017
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	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	{\|		{\| style = "width:80%"
	\|'''E''' = '''∑<sub>T</sub>''' ( '''H<sub>T</sub>''' × '''W<sub>T</sub>''' )		\|'''E''' = '''∑<sub>T</sub>''' ( '''H<sub>T</sub>''' × '''W<sub>T</sub>''' )
	\|style="width:~~100px~~; text-align:right;" \| (1)		\|style="width:80%; text-align:right;" \| (1)
	\|}		\|}
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

JordanSilverman: /* Radiation Units */

2017-07-10T11:54:43Z

Radiation Units

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:54, 10 July 2017
Line 97:		Line 97:
	\|}		\|}

	The '''radiation-absorbed dose''' is the total energy absorbed by tissue. It is given in '''rad''' or '''Gray (Gy)''', 0.01 Gy = 1 rad. The '''equivalent dose''' is the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor, WR and is given in roentgen-Equivalent-Man (rem) or Sievert (Sv), 0.01 Sv = 1 rem. The '''effective''' dose, E (Eq-1) is the sum of the tissue-weighted equivalent dose, W<sub>T</sub> multiplied by the equivalent dose, H<sub>T</sub> for all tissue types, T. It arises because the same equivalent dose of radiation has different biological effects on different tissues [1].		The '''radiation-absorbed dose''' is the total energy absorbed by tissue. It is given in '''rad''' or '''Gray (Gy)''', 0.01 Gy = 1 rad. The '''equivalent dose''' is the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor, '''WR''' and is given in roentgen-Equivalent-Man (rem) or Sievert (Sv), 0.01 Sv = 1 rem. The '''effective''' dose, E (Eq-1) is the sum of the tissue-weighted equivalent dose, '''W<sub>T</sub>''' multiplied by the equivalent dose, '''H<sub>T</sub>''' for all tissue types, '''T'''. It arises because the same equivalent dose of radiation has different biological effects on different tissues [1].
	E=∑<sub>T</sub>(H<sub>T</sub>×W<sub>T</sub>) Eq-1 <~~!--will be fixed properly--~~>
			<blockquote>
			{\|
			\|'''E''' = '''∑<sub>T</sub>''' ( '''H<sub>T</sub>''' × '''W<sub>T</sub>''' )
			\|style="width:100px; text-align:right;" \| (1)
			\|}
			</blockquote>

	== Biological Effects ==		== Biological Effects ==

JordanSilverman: /* Terminology in nuclear medicine */

2017-07-10T11:43:09Z

Terminology in nuclear medicine

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:43, 10 July 2017
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	\|}		\|}

	Linear energy transfer (LET) describes how much energy (keV) a radiation-beam transfers to its surroundings per metre (Table 2). The LET of radiation increases with charge and mass, and decreases with kinetic energy [1]. The higher the LET, the more biologically potent the radiation. The LET for particulate radiation increases as it loses energy whilst traversing a medium [4].		'''Linear energy transfer''' ('''LET''') describes how much energy (keV) a radiation-beam transfers to its surroundings per metre (Table 2). The '''LET''' of radiation increases with charge and mass, and decreases with kinetic energy [1]. The higher the '''LET''', the more biologically potent the radiation. The '''LET''' for particulate radiation increases as it loses energy whilst traversing a medium [4].

	Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) is the ratio of the dose of radiation of type x, R<sub>x</sub> required to produce the same biological effect as a reference dose R<sub>R</sub> which is normally a high-energy x-ray beam (250 kV<sub>p</sub>) or a gamma-ray from Cobalt-60		'''Relative biological effectiveness''' ('''RBE''') is the ratio of the dose of radiation of type x, '''R<sub>x</sub>''' required to produce the same biological effect as a reference dose '''R<sub>R</sub>''' which is normally a high-energy x-ray beam (250 kV<sub>p</sub>) or a gamma-ray from Cobalt-60;

	<blockquote> RBE = <sup>R<sub>x</sub></sup> &frasl; <sub>R<sub>R</sub></sub> for a given effect </blockquote>		<blockquote> '''RBE''' = '''<sup>R<sub>x</sub></sup>''' &frasl; '''<sub>R<sub>R</sub></sub>''' for a given effect </blockquote>

	RBE increases with LET until a critical point of ≈100 keV/μm. The overkill region arises because the increasing dose has no further biological effect [1].		'''RBE''' increases with '''LET''' until a critical point of ≈100 keV/μm. The overkill region arises because the increasing dose has no further biological effect [1].

	The RBE of radiation may vary depending on its subcellular distribution: for example, when situated outside the cell, Auger electrons have an RBE of ≈1; this value increases ≈10 - fold, however, when localised within the nucleus [8].		The '''RBE''' of radiation may vary depending on its subcellular distribution: for example, when situated outside the cell, Auger electrons have an RBE of ≈1; this value increases ≈10 - fold, however, when localised within the nucleus [8].
	<br/><br/>		<br/><br/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:01, 11 July 2017
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