\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Introduction|Physics at the TeV Energy Scale}{1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Physics Beyond the Standard Model}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.1}The Higgs Boson}{2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.2}Supersymmetry and Beyond}{3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}TeV Energy Colliders}{4}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.1}Lepton and Hadron Colliders}{5}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.2}The Linear Accelerator and the Synchrotron}{6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.3}Energy Loss Through Synchrotron Radiation}{7}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.4}Disruption at the IP}{9}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}The Physics of Linear Colliders}{11}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction to Linear Colliders}{12}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.1}Injectors}{12}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.2}Damping Rings}{14}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.3}The Main Linac and Beam Delivery}{16}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Beam Dynamics and Beam Transport}{18}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.1}Magnets and Beam Focusing}{19}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.2}Betatron Oscillations and Twiss Parameters}{21}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.3}Transport Matrices}{22}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.4}Dispersion and Chromaticity}{24}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.5}Final Focus Optics}{26}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Charged Particle Acceleration}{28}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}Acceleration with a Varying E-field}{28}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.2}Beam Bunching}{30}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.3}Accelerating Structures}{31}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.4}Klystrons and RF Power Delivery}{34}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}The Interaction Point and Beam Collisions}{36}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.1}Beamstrahlung}{37}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.2}Disruption}{39}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.3}The Pinch Effect and the Beam-Beam Kick}{40}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}The NLC IP Fast Feedback System}{45}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}NLC Feedback Systems}{45}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.1}Causes of Luminosity Loss}{45}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.2}Beam-Based Steering Feedback}{47}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.3}Active Stabilisation of the Final Doublet}{48}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.4}Intra-pulse Fast Feedback}{48}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}The IP Fast Feedback System}{49}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}IP Fast Feedback System Design}{50}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}BPM Signal Conditioning}{52}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.3}Kicker Amplifier and Feedback Loop}{52}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}The IPFB BPM Signal Processor}{55}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.1}Passive Filtering: High, Low and Band-Pass Filters}{57}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.2}RF Mixers and Downmixing the BPM Signal}{60}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.3}BPM Processor Bench Tests}{63}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Simulation of the IPFB}{67}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.5}IPFB System Beam Test Implementation}{72}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5.1}The SLC and Sector 2}{72}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5.2}NLCTA: The Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator}{76}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}A Novel X-band Beam Position Monitor}{81}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Position Measurement of a Charged Particle Beam}{81}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1.1}Button BPM's}{82}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1.2}Stripline BPM's}{84}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1.3}Resonant Cavities and Cavity BPM's}{86}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Review of BPM Technologies for FONT}{87}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Design of a Novel X-band BPM}{89}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.1}X-band BPM Beampipe Diameter Selection}{92}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.2}Frequency Tuning of BPM Pickoffs}{92}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.3}Relative Coupling Strength of Pickoffs}{97}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Signal Processing for a Single BPM Pickoff}{98}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}The Single Pickoff BPM Processor}{99}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.2}The Gunn Diode}{100}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.3}Utilising the Gunn Diode in the BPM Processor}{102}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.5}BPM Pickoff Response}{105}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5.1}BPM Coupling Strength}{106}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5.2}Time Response}{111}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.6}The FONT BPM Processor}{117}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6.1}The X-band Amplifier}{120}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6.2}Phase Matching at X-band}{122}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.7}BPM Short Pulse Response}{125}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.7.1}X-band BPM Short Pulse Impulse and Position Response}{127}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.7.2}Analysis of BPM Overshoot}{132}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.8}BPM Long Pulse Response}{139}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8.1}Charge Measurement}{140}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8.2}Long Pulse Position Response}{144}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8.3}BPM Overshoot for Long Pulse}{147}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}The FONT Experiment}{153}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Replicating the IPFB System at the NLCTA}{154}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1.1}The FONT Experimental Layout}{154}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1.2}Replication of the Beam-Beam Interaction}{157}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}The FONT Magnet Assembly}{160}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}The FONT Dipole Magnet}{160}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.2}FONT Dipole Performance}{166}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.3}The FONT Kicker Magnet}{170}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.4}Kicker Power Supply and Kicker Performance}{173}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}The FONT Feedback Electronics}{177}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.1}Charge Normalisation Circuit}{180}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.2}Feedback Circuit}{184}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.3}Data Acquisition and Charge Signal Inversion}{189}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.4}Signal Pre-Amplifiers and Feedback Loop Control}{191}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.5}Kicker Amplifier}{192}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}FONT Electronics Bench Tests}{194}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.1}Replication of Beam Position and Charge}{194}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.2}The FONT Tester Circuit}{197}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.3}Simulated Feedback Circuit Input Signals}{199}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.4}Simulated Feedback Circuit Response}{200}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}FONT System Full Beam Test}{206}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5.1}Installation of FONT in the NLCTA Tunnel}{206}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5.2}Normalised Signal Output}{210}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5.3}Kicker Amplifier Performance}{214}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5.4}Full System Operation Without Delay Loop}{217}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5.5}Full Feedback System Operation}{219}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Conclusions}{223}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {A}Feedback Circuit Trimming Procedure}{227}
\contentsline {chapter}{Bibliography}{229}